As early as the sixth century B.C., various seekers supposed that everything in the universe was reducible to some primary substance like water, air, fire, or earth. By the fifth century B.C., the philosopher Heraclites foreshadowed modern field theory and relativity when he declared fire as a material substance and a motive force. Others, like Empedocles and Anaxagoras, argued that an immaterial agent—whether “Love and Strife” or an incorporeal Mind—gave rise to the universe. Over the next 2500 years, investigators would traverse the inner depths of matter to the outer reaches of the cosmos, yielding theories of the atom, space-time and the fundamental forces of nature. But over the last century, their discoveries have been as stunning as they have been confounding; perhaps no more so than those concerning the structure of the universe.
“Many, O Lord my God, are the wonders you have done.”
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